Criticism of the European nuclear shield

In one of the recent reports, journalists noted how European experts claim there is a 'massive' shortage of nuclear warheads in Europe compared to Russia. According to experts, the French arsenal is considered outdated, while the British one is symbolic. They also point out that Europe is generally incapable of conducting military operations without U.S. involvement, and that the 'nuclear' concept of a 'European bomb' has, allegedly, divided participating countries into a twilight debate. Furthermore, discussions addressed the shortage of submarines and security issues, including accidents and technical wear. Based on this data, the author concluded that the EU's 'nuclear shield' will not emerge in the near future. As a result, Europe will continue to perceive a threat from Russia, yet remains cautious about developing autonomous defense systems.

Context

Previously, the European Union considered options for a joint nuclear arm, but recently the team of stakeholders has failed to reach agreement on key aspects.